The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Abdullah, N. Structure-guided identification of a nonhuman morbillivirus with zoonotic potential. Baker, J. Response to measles virus by puppies with maternally transferred distemper antibodies.
Cornell Vet. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Behura, S. Codon usage bias: causative factors, quantification methods and genome-wide patterns: with emphasis on insect genomes.
Bieringer, M. Blancou, J. Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America? Brown, A. Relationship between measles and canine distemper viruses determined by delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in dogs. Nature , — Immune response of pups to modified live-virus canine distemper-measles vaccine. Christe, K. Modified dose efficacy trial of a canine distemper-measles vaccine for use in Rhesus Macaques Macaca mulatta.
Cosby, S. Measles vaccination: threat from related veterinary viruses and need for continued vaccination post measles eradication.
De Vries, R. Morbillivirus infections: an introduction. Viruses 7, — Measles vaccination of nonhuman primates provides partial protection against infection with canine distemper virus.
Di Paola, N. Does adaptation to vertebrate codon usage relate to flavivirus emergence potential? Drexler, J. Bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses. Duque-valencia, J. Evolution and interspecies transmission of canine distemper virus-an outlook of the diverse evolutionary landscapes of a multi-host virus. Viruses E Emerman, M. Paleovirology—modern consequences of ancient viruses. PLoS Biol. Freire, C. NS1 codon usage adaptation to humans in pandemic Zika virus.
Oswaldo Cruz e Furuse, Y. Origin of measles virus: divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries. Goni, N. Pandemic influenza A virus codon usage revisited: biases, adaptation and implications for vaccine strain development. Haralambieva, I. Variability in humoral immunity to measles vaccine: new developments. Trends Mol. Holzmann, H. Eradication of measles: remaining challenges.
Jenkins, G. The extent of codon usage bias in human RNA viruses and its evolutionary origin. Virus Res. At least eleven distinct genetic lineages of CDV are recognized — see Pathogen Characteristics section. Canine distemper is distributed worldwide Creevy, ; a detailed distribution table is not provided for this datasheet. It has been suspected that canine distemper was imported from Peru into Spain during the 17 th century. It was well-described in by Antonio de Ulloa; during the mid th century, it was first reported in Spain, followed by England, Italy and Russia Blancou, Edward Jenner published an extensive description of the course and clinical features of the disease in dogs in Jenner, The viral aetiology was demonstrated in by Henri Carre Blancou, The domestic dog has largely been responsible for spreading the disease to new geographic areas and for introducing canine distemper to previously unexposed wildlife.
As human populations expanded, increased domestic dog contact with wild carnivores exacerbated the risk for disease transmission Butler et al. The distribution of canine distemper virus is worldwide. Rapidly expanding human populations increase domestic dog contact with wildlife, increasing disease transmission into new populations and new geographic regions.
Canine distemper virus CDV is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus within the genus Morbillivirus family Paramyxoviridae and is closely related to the viruses of measles and rinderpest. The genome of CDV has 6 genes separated by conserved non-coding sequences that contain termination, polyadenylation, and initiation signals for transcribed mRNAs.
The virion proteins include three nucleocapsid proteins an RNA-binding protein N , a phosphoprotein P , and a large polymerase protein L and three membrane proteins an unglycosylated matrix protein M , and two glycosylated envelope proteins — a fusion protein F and a hemagglutinin H , which functions as an attachment protein MacLachlan and Dubovi, Viral replication occurs in the cell cytoplasm and virions exit the cell by budding from the plasma membrane.
The enveloped virus is sensitive to lipid solvents and most disinfectants and has limited survivability outside the host animal. At least eleven distinct genetic lineages of CDV are recognized worldwide, based on phylogenetic sequence analysis of the H gene. Despite genetic differences among field strains of CDV, cross-neutralization studies show only minor antigenic differences MacLachlan and Dubovi, McCarthy et al.
While there may be little economic impact of canine distemper in terms of agriculture, there is certainly impact associated with declines in wildlife populations or individuals. These impacts can be felt most significantly in zoos and wildlife parks around the world, in addition to the increased efforts, and cost of operations, of various wildlife conservation groups.
Additionally, pet owners spend a significant amount of money each year obtaining canine distemper vaccination for their dogs or other domestic pets susceptible to the disease. Canine distemper virus can have a significant effect on wildlife populations. In , a large epidemic, which had probably spread from domestic dogs Cleaveland et al.
In addition to the lions, other carnivore species, including leopards Panthera pardus , hyenas Hyaenidae , bat-eared foxes Otocyon megalotis , jackals, and domestic dogs were affected during the CDV outbreak. Extinction of the endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus in the Serengeti coincided with epizootic canine distemper in sympatric domestic dogs Daszak et al.
As well as the species mentioned in the previous paragraph, studies cited by McCarthy et al. Timm et al. Gilbert et al. The Threatened Species table lists some more species considered to be threatened by the virus. Have humans been infected with CDV in the past? Are there chronic diseases in humans or diseases thought to be of a non-infectious nature that are the result of CDV infection?
Additionally, further epidemiological studies are needed to track the spread of this virus, particularly into endangered wildlife species. American Canine Association, undated. Canine distemper. Canine distemper virus in domesticated cats and pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 35 No. Canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in North America. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 6 3 PLoS One, 8 3 :e Blancou J, Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America?
Historia medicinae veterinariae, 29 2 Cetacean morbillivirus: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses, 6 12 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 50 4 Free-ranging domestic dogs Canis familiaris as predators and prey in rural Zimbabwe: threats of competition and disease to large wild carnivores. Biological Conservation, Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus in Serengeti carnivores. In-vitro antiviral efficacy of ribavirin and interferon-alpha against canine distemper virus.
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 78 4 Serological survey of selected canine viral pathogens and zoonoses in grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis and black bears Ursus americanus from Alaska. Serological and demographic evidence for domestic dogs as a source of canine distemper virus infection for Serengeti wildlife. First report of clinical disease associated with canine distemper virus infection in a wild black bear Ursus americana.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 49 4 Creevy KE, Overview of Canine Distemper. In: The Merck Veterinary Manual [ed. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - threats to biodiversity and human health. Science Washington , Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: a review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31 4 Morbillivirus in dolphins. Nature London , Phocine distemper virus: current knowledge and future directions. In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus.
Antiviral Research, 77 2 Feline panleukopenia virus and subsequent canine distemper virus infection in two snow leopards Panthera uncia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 20 3 Veterinarians consider the distemper vaccine to be a core vaccination , along with the parvovirus, canine adenovirus, and rabies vaccines.
The disease is highly contagious and potentially lethal. A paramyxovirus causes distemper in dogs, and it is closely related to the measles and rinderpest viruses. It causes severe illness in the host by attacking multiple body systems, resulting in a widespread infection that is difficult to treat.
Canine distemper is spread through direct contact or airborne exposure, rather like the common cold in humans. When an infected dog or wild animal coughs, sneezes, or barks, he releases aerosol droplets into the environment, infecting nearby animals and surfaces, like food and water bowls. The good news is that the virus does not last long in the environment and can be destroyed by most disinfectants.
The bad news is that distemper-infected dogs can shed the virus for up to several months, putting dogs around them at risk. Dogs are not the only animals that can get distemper. Wild animals like raccoons, foxes, wolves, coyotes, skunks, ferrets, and mink can also get distemper. This means that an outbreak of distemper in the local wildlife population can put dogs at risk for catching the disease even if they do not come into contact with other dogs. Bitches can also spread the virus through the placenta to their puppies, which is one of the reasons why it is important to fully vaccinate any dog you plan to breed.
Learn more about responsible breeding practices here. Distemper dogs experience a wide range of symptoms depending on how advanced the disease is in their bodies. This results in two stages of symptoms. The first symptom of distemper in dogs is usually watery to pus-like discharge from his eyes, followed by fever , loss of appetite, and clear nasal discharge. Most dogs develop a fever approximately 3-to-6 days after being infected, but the initial symptoms depend on the severity of the case and how the patient reacts to it.
In general, the symptoms associated with distemper in dogs during the first stages of infection are:. Secondary bacterial infections can cause respiratory and GI symptoms, including:.
0コメント